FINAL REVIEW CHAPTERS 5-9

 

The following are the major topics discussed this semester.  They will be covered on the final.

 

ANY VOCABULARY FROM CHAPTERS 5-9 COULD APPEAR ON THE FINAL.  YOU SHOULD KNOW IT.

 

PRETERITE (ch.5, 6, 7 and handouts)

The Òover-and-done-withÓ past tense.  It is used to talk about actions that have taken place at a specific time in the past or for a specified amount of time.  It usually describes the main actions that occurred.

Regular endings:                -ar verbs:                                          -er/-ir verbs:

                                                -Ž                    -amos                                    -’                      -imos

                                                -aste              -asteis                       -iste               -isteis

                                                -—                    -aron                          -i—                   -ieron

 

Know the irregulars and endings: hacer  (hic-/hizo), ser/ir (fui, etc.), dar (di, etc.) ver (vi, etc.)

 

Remember spelling changes in the yo form for -car (quŽ), -gar (guŽ), -zar (cŽ) verbs.

 

IMPERFECT

This is the ÒwasingÓ past tense.  It is used to describe actions that took place for an unspecified period of time or were habitual actions repeated an unspecified number of times (used to).  It usually describes background circumstances such as age, time, weather, physical characteristics, and feelings.

 

Regular endings:                -ar verbs:                                          -er/-ir verbs:

                                                -aba                -‡bamos                   -’a                   ’amos

                                                -abas             -abais                        -’as                 ’ais

                                                -aba                -aban                         -’a                   -’an

Irregulares (only 3): ser (era, eras, etc.), ir (iba, ibas, etc.), ver (ve’a, ve’as, etc.)

 

*Stem changes (shoe verbs) donÕt take place in the preterite or imperfect tenses other than the -ir Òcigar verbsÓ (preterite only)*

 

STEM CHANGING (SHOE) VERBS  -present tense and in commands

See pages 555 - 558 and know any that we have learned this year. (o-ue), (u-ue), (e-ie), and (e-i)**

 

NEGATIVE WORDS (p. 222-3)

nada                                                                No tengo nada.

nadie                                                               Nadie quiere trabajar conmigo.

ni...ni                                                                No me gustan ni las manzanas ni las naranjas

ningœn, ninguna (adjective)             No tengo ningœn perro. (always used with a noun)

ninguno, ninguna (pronoun)                        No tengo ninguno. (replaces the noun - perro)                        

nunca                                                              Nunca voy al cine.

tampoco                                                         No voy tampoco.

 

REFLEXIVE VERBS (ch. 7, handouts, and notes)

A verb is reflexive when it refers to an action that one does to oneself.  Some verbs can be used both reflexively and non-reflexively

They are conjugated using reflexive pronouns in all tenses:     me, te, se, nos, os, se

(pronouns go before the conjugated verb in most cases:   me levanto,  me levantŽ                          

- they go on the end of positive commands:  Lev‡ntese )

acostarse (o-ue)                    llamarse                                  maquillarse                             despertarse (e-ie)

afeitarse                                  ducharse                                 peinarse                                 divertirse (e-ie)

atarse                                      irse                                          ponerse                                 dormirse (o-ue)

ba–arse                                  lavarse                                    darse prisa                             vestirse (e-i)

cepillarse                                levantarse                              quedarse                                quitarse

cortarse                                   limarse                                    quejarse                                 limpiarse

Reflexive verbs can be conjugated in any tense.  Only the endings change. The pronouns and verb endings always match the subject. 

                        Yo present tense               preterite                    imperfect                  infinitive (yo)

ba–arse:         Me ba–o                                Me ba–Ž                    Me ba–aba                Voy a ba–arme

 

COMMANDS (Tœ & Ud. / Uds. affirmative & negative) see handout or book for more details

 

            TU:                 +(p.81)                       -(p.280-3) YO form, drop -o add opposite ending

            Hablar-           Habla                          No hables

            Comer-          Come                         No comas

            Abrir-              Abre                           No abras

            Tener-             Ten                             No tengas (donÕt forget ÒgÓ in ÒgoÓ verbs (poner, salir, etc.)

*Know the irregulars: (p.157 &313)

+(haz, di, sŽ, ve, sal, ten, ven, pon)           -(No seas, vayas, des, estŽs. sepas)

 

            UD. / UDS. (p.311-13) affirmative and negative are the same*

            YO form, drop -o add opposite ending

            Hablar-           hable(n)                    No hable(n)

            Comer-          coma(n)                   No coma(n)

            Abrir-              abra(n)                      No abra(n)

            Tener-             tenga(n)                   No tenga(n)

*Know the irregulars: (sea(n), vaya(n), de(n), estŽ(n) sepa(n))

 

Remember spelling changes for -car (que_), -gar (gue_), -zar (ce_) verbs.

            example:       jugar-               Jueguen (Uds.) en el parque.

                                    tocar-               No toques (tœ) la guitarra.

 

*Reflexive verb commands are different in positive and negative forms:

           

            Infinitive                   +Tœ                 - Tœ                             +Ud(s.)                      -Ud(s.)

            levantarse:                 Lev‡ntate       No te levantes           Lev‡nte(n)se No se levante(n)

 

                                    Pay close attention to pronouns and verb endings.

*************Remember accents in affirmative forms when attaching pronouns**********************

 

When using direct or indirect object pronouns in a command, they always get attached to the end of an affirmative (positive) command and go immediately before the verb in a negative command:

 

            Abre la ventana.                    çbrela.                      No abras la puerta.              No la abras.

 

ADJETIVOS / PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS

m’o(s), m’a(s), tuyo(s), tuya(s), suyo(s), suya(s), nuestro(s), nuestra(s) p.286-287

 

The form (masculine/feminine/singular/plural) of adjective/pronoun is based on the objects owned, not the gender or number of the owners. If the owners are a group of females, but el coche is masculine and singular we use el suyo.

El coche es de ellas.  Es su coche.  Es el coche suyo.  Es suyo.

The car is theirs.  ItÕs their car.  ItÕs their car.  ItÕs theirs.  

 

EL SUBJUNTIVO

The subjunctive conjugation is used in the second clause of a sentence when there is a change of subject and the first verb expresses emotion, doubt or influence.  These verbs include:

Querer, recomendar, esperar, pedir, decir and ojal‡. P. 317 Ð 321

The clauses are often separated by que.

 

Ejemplo:        Mis profesores quieren que yo haga toda la tarea. (haga = subjuntivo)

 

                        Mis profesores quieren = the first clause

                        Querer = a verb of influence

 

Subjunctive verb conjugations:

                        -ar verbs:                                          -er/-ir verbs:_________

            -e                    -emos                                                -a                    -amos

            -es                  -Žis                                         -as                  -ais

            -e                    -en                                          -a                    -an